MOSFET The aim of this experiment is to plot (i) the output characteristics and, (ii) the transfer characteristics of an n-channel and p-channel MOSFET. Introduction   The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is a transistor used for amplifying or switching electronic signals. In MOSFETs, a voltage on the oxide-insulated gate electrode can induce a conducting channel between the two other contacts called source and drain. The channel can be of n-type or p-type, and is accordingly called an nMOSFET or a pMOSFET. Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the structure of an nMOS device before and after channel formation. Figure 2 shows symbols commonly used for MOSFETs where the bulk terminal is either labeled (B) or implied (not drawn).     Output Characteristics MOSFET output characteristics plot I D  versus V DS  for several values of V GS . The characteristics of an nMOS transistor can be ex

In  linear algebra , the  trace  of an n-by-n  square matrix  A is defined to be the sum of the elements on the  main diagonal  (the diagonal from the upper left to the lower right) of A, i.e., where a ii  denotes the entry on the ith row and ith column of A. The trace of a matrix is the sum of the (complex)  eigenvalues , and it is  invariant  with respect to a  change of basis . This characterization can be used to define the trace of a linear operator in general. Note that the trace is only defined for a square matrix (i.e.,  n × n ). Properties Basic properties The trace is a  linear mapping . That is, {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {tr} (A+B)&=\operatorname {tr} (A)+\operatorname {tr} (B)\\\operatorname {tr} (cA)&=c\operatorname {tr} (A)\end{aligned}}} . for all square matrices A and B, and all  scalars  c. A matrix and its  transpose  have the same trace: {\displaystyle \operatorname {tr} (A)=\operatorname {tr} \left(A^{\mathrm {T} }\right)}