I2C is a serial protocol for two-wire interface to connect low-speed devices like microcontrollers, EEPROMs, A/D and D/A converters, I/O interfaces and other similar peripherals in embedded systems. It was invented by Philips and now it is used by almost all major IC manufacturers. Each I2C slave device needs an address. The I2C bus is popular because it is simple to use, there can be more than one master, only upper bus speed is defined and only two wires with pull-up resistors are needed to connect an almost unlimited number of I2C devices. I2C can use even slower microcontrollers with general-purpose I/O pins since they only need to generate correct  Start and Stop conditions  in addition to functions for reading and writing a byte. Each slave device has a unique address. Transfer from and to a master device is serial and it is split into 8-bit packets. All these simple requirements make it very simple to implement I2C interface even with cheap microcontrollers that hav

What is a solar PV system? Solar photovoltaic system  or  Solar power system  is one of  renewable energy system  which uses PV modules to convert sunlight into electricity. The electricity generated can be either stored or used directly, fed back into grid line or combined with one or more other electricity generators or more renewable energy source. The solar PV system is a very reliable and clean source of electricity that can suit a wide range of applications such as residence, industry, agriculture, livestock, etc. Major system components: Solar PV system includes different components that should be selected according to your system type, site location, and applications. The major components for the solar PV system are solar charge controller, inverter, battery bank, auxiliary energy sources and loads (appliances).    PV module  - converts sunlight into DC electricity.   The solar charge controller  - regulates the voltage and current coming from the PV  panel