In VLSI design, what is VLSI Front end and what is VLSI Back end?  What does a front end engineer do compared to a back end engineer in the VLSI design flow?  Who has better opportunities in terms of career and earning potential?  These are some common questions that every student or entry-level engineer encounters. Introduction: Let's try to understand this in detail.  Following diagram illustrates a standard VLSI Design life cycle and the various stages involved in the design from specification to manufacturing. Specification:  This is the first stage in the design process where we define the important parameters of the system that has to be designed into a specification. High-level Design : In this stage, various details of the design architecture are defined. In this stage, details about the different functional blocks and the interface communication protocols between them, etc. are defined. Low-level Design:  This phase is also known as microarchitecture phase. In

A radome is a structural, weatherproof enclosure that protects a radar system or antenna and is constructed of material that minimally attenuates the electromagnetic signal transmitted or received by the antenna. Radomes protect antenna surfaces from weather and/or conceal antenna electronic equipment from public view. There are specialized radome manufacturers who provide radomes for all types applications including for weather radar, air traffic control, satellite communications, and telemetry. Radomes can be manufactured in many shapes and sizes. The particular application or frequency determines the use of a variety of construction materials. Radome Services LLC crews are experienced with all types, including dielectric, space frame, composite, and air inflatable radomes that are mounted on the ground, towers, roof tops and on board ships. Types of Radomes A radome is an electronic antenna enclosure. These enclosures are made of either rigid self-supporting materials or a

World War II Bands Band Name Band Frequency Band Wavelength VHF 214 – 236 MHz 1.4 to 1.27 meters P 300 MHz 1 meter UHF 425-610 MhZ 70.6 to 49.18 cm L 1250-1380 MhZ 24 to 21.74 cm S 2700-3900 MHz 11.11 to 7.69 cm C 5300-5520 MHZ 5.66 to 5.43 cm X 9,230 – 9,404 MHz 3.25 to 3.19 cm Ku 16,000 MHz 1.88 cm Ka >20,000 MHz 1.5 cm Q 40,000 MHz 7.5 mm IEEE Band Band Name Band Frequency Band Wavelength I Band 0 - 200 MHz Up to 1.5 meters G Band 200 - 250 MHz 1.5 to 1.2 meters P Band 250 - 500 MHz 1.2 meters to 60 cm L Band 500 - 1,500 MHz 60 to 20 cm S Band 2,000 - 4,000 MHz 15 to 7.5 cm C Band 4,000 - 8,000 MHz 7.5 to 3.75 cm X Band 8,000 - 12,000 MHz 3.75 to 2.5 cm Ku Band 12,000 - 18,000 MHz 2.5 to 1.67 cm K Band 18,000 - 26,000 MHz 1.67 to 1.15 cm Ka Band 26,000 - 40,000 MHz 11.54 to 7.5 mm V Band 40,000 - 75,000

Converting dBW to dBm and Vice Versa dBm measures power relative to 1 milliwatt, while dBW measures power relative to 1 watt. So to convert between the two, you have these equations: dBm = dBW + 30 or dBW = dBm - 30 Converting Radar Power in Watts to Decibels dBW = 10 x log 10 (Power Watts ) dBW: Transmitter power output in decibels. Power Watts : Transmitter power output in watts. EXAMPLE:  What is the dBW of a 1 megawatt radar? 10 x log 10 (1,000,000) = 60 dB Converting Radar Power in Decibels to Watts Power Watts  = 10 (Decibels/10) Power Watts : Transmitter power output in watts. Decibels: Transmitter power output in decibels. EXAMPLE:  What is the power in watts of a 100 dBw radar? 10 (100/10)  = 10,000,000,000 watts. Converting Radar Cross Section in Square Meters to Decibels dBsm = 10 x log 10 (RCS/1m 2 ) dBsm: Radar Cross Section of target in decibels. RCS: Radar Cross Section of target in square meters. EXAMPLE:  What is

RADAR is an electromagnetic based detection system that works by radiating electromagnetic waves and then studying the echo or the reflected back waves. The full form of  RADAR  is  RA dio  D etection  A nd  R anging. Detection refers to whether the target is present or not. The target can be stationary or movable, i.e., non-stationary. Ranging refers to the distance between the Radar and the target. Radars can be used for various applications on ground, on sea and in space. The  applications  of Radars are listed below. Controlling the Air Traffic Ship safety Sensing the remote places Military applications In any application of Radar, the basic principle remains the same. Let us now discuss the principle of radar. Basic Principle of Radar Radar is used for detecting the objects and finding their location. We can understand the  basic principle  of Radar from the following figure. As shown in the figure, Radar mainly consists of a transmitter and a receiver.