Hello Dear Reader, Here in this post, I will give an idea about different types of Communication Transponders and it's working principles. The use of orbiting satellites as an integral part of the worldwide communication system has progressed rapidly over the last several decades. As the technology and hardware of such systems continue to make significant advancements, it is expected that satellite will continue to play an ever-increasing role in the future of long-range communication. Each new generation of a satellite is more technologically sophisticated than its predecessors, and each undoubtedly will have a significant impact on the development and capabilities of the military, domestic, and international communication systems. A communication satellite is basically an electronic communication package place in orbit around the earth. The prime objective of the satellite is to aid communication transmission from one point on or near earth to another like voice(telephone) and

  Hello Dear Reader, Here in this post, I will give an idea about how CMOS OPAMP designing using 180nm technology node and using LTspice. from that opamp I have design switched capacitor integrator. Design Specifications: Here Design specification may be changed according to the application here my target is to design an active lowpass filter so I have chosen an opamp integrator so in the below I have explained how to design an opamp as well as an integrator in a 180nm technology node in LTspice. So let's start design First, we need a technology parameter file so that the file we can insert in the LTspice, in my example it is 180nm so mostly it is available from the  http://ptm.asu.edu/latest.html  and you make one text file using notepad or whatever is fit on your own. Then go to the LTspice and new schematic and then you see .op on the right most upper side click on it and give your text file path after .include  as shown in the below images.  Now first of all OPAMP has its own d