The CMOS IC Design Process The CMOS circuit design process consists of defining circuit inputs and outputs, hand calculations, circuit simulations, circuit layout, simulations including parasitics, reevaluation of circuit inputs and outputs, fabrication, and testing. A flowchart of this process is shown in Fig. 1.1. The circuit specifications are rarely set in concrete; that is, they can change as the project matures. This can be the result of trade-offs made between cost and performance, changes in the marketability of the chip, or simply changes in the customer's needs. In almost all cases, major changes after the chip has gone into production are not possible. This text concentrates on custom IC design. Other (noncustom) methods of designing chips, including field-programmable-gate-arrays (FPGAs) and standard cell libraries, are used when low volume and quick design turnaround are important. Most chips that are mass-produced, including microprocessors and memory,...

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 Interview Questions for Communication  System Designer Q-1: What is frequency shifting in the Frequency domain. How we can realize it practically. Q-2: What are signal and system can you explain with examples. Q-3: What is the Fourier series and Fourier Transform. Q-4: How we can analyze Noise in the communication system in terms of a wired and non-wired Communication system. Q-5: Why the autocorrelation function of white noise is impulse.  Q-6: Which techniques we can expand signal in terms of complex exponential signal. Q-7: What is output when periodic signal transmits through LTI system.

A mixed-signal integrated circuit combines analog circuits with digital signal processing (DSP) circuits on a single semiconductor die . An integrated circuit that includes both analog and digital circuitry (but no DSP), like a 555 timer, is generally not considered a mixed-signal integrated circuit. Typically, mixed-signal chips perform some whole function or sub-function in a larger assembly such as the radio subsystem of a cell phone, or the read data path and laser sled control logic of a DVD player. They often contain an entire system-on-a-chip. Examples of mixed-signal integrated circuits include data converters using delta-sigma modulation, analog-to-digital converter/digital-to-analog converter especially using error detection and correction, digipot, and digital radio chips. Digitally controlled sound chips are also mixed-signal circuits. With the advent of cellular technology and network technology this category now includes a cellular telephone, software radio, LAN and W...