MOSFET The aim of this experiment is to plot (i) the output characteristics and, (ii) the transfer characteristics of an n-channel and p-channel MOSFET. Introduction   The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is a transistor used for amplifying or switching electronic signals. In MOSFETs, a voltage on the oxide-insulated gate electrode can induce a conducting channel between the two other contacts called source and drain. The channel can be of n-type or p-type, and is accordingly called an nMOSFET or a pMOSFET. Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the structure of an nMOS device before and after channel formation. Figure 2 shows symbols commonly used for MOSFETs where the bulk terminal is either labeled (B) or implied (not drawn).     Output Characteristics MOSFET output charac...

In  linear algebra , the  trace  of an n-by-n  square matrix  A is defined to be the sum of the elements on the  main diagonal  (the diagonal from the upper left to the lower right) of A, i.e., where a ii  denotes the entry on the ith row and ith column of A. The trace of a matrix is the sum of the (complex)  eigenvalues , and it is  invariant  with respect to a  change of basis . This characterization can be used to define the trace of a linear operator in general. Note that the trace is only defined for a square matrix (i.e.,  n × n ). Properties Basic properties The trace is a  linear mapping . That is, {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {tr} (A+B)&=\operatorname {tr} (A)+\operatorname {tr} (B)\\\operatorname {tr} (cA)&=c\operatorname {tr} (A)\end{aligned}}} . for all square matrices A and B, and all  scalars  c. ...

What is Side tone coupling? Explain with circuit diagram.   Simplex communication :in telephone communication only two entity is involved one is transmitting(talking) and one is receiving(listening) is known as simplex communication. Half-duplex communication:  in communication information transfer in both ways but not a simultaneously is known as the Half-duplex communication. Full-duplex communication: in communication information transfer in both ways  simultaneously is known as the Full-duplex communication. Side tone coupling :  In telephones, it is the hearing of one's voice in the receiver when one speaks. Too much  side tone  make people speak lower and can cause feedback. Too little  side tone  and people may think the phone is not working or may shout.                                  Fig:  Smooth Tone Clickless CW Sideto...

                          Sampling theorem and proof  Statement:  A continuous time signal can be represented in its samples and can be recovered back when sampling frequency f s  is greater than or equal to the twice the highest frequency component of message signal. i. e. f s ≥ 2 f m . f s ≥ 2 f m . Proof:  Consider a continuous time signal x(t). The spectrum of x(t) is a band limited to f m  Hz i.e. the spectrum of x(t) is zero for |ω|>ω m . Sampling of input signal x(t) can be obtained by multiplying x(t) with an impulse train δ(t) of period T s . The output of multiplier is a discrete signal called sampled signal which is represented with y(t) in the following diagrams: Here, you can observe that the sampled signal takes the period of impulse. The process of sampling can be explained by the following mathematical expression:        Sampled signal y ( t ...