I2C is a serial protocol for two-wire interface to connect low-speed devices like microcontrollers, EEPROMs, A/D and D/A converters, I/O interfaces and other similar peripherals in embedded systems. It was invented by Philips and now it is used by almost all major IC manufacturers. Each I2C slave device needs an address. The I2C bus is popular because it is simple to use, there can be more than one master, only upper bus speed is defined and only two wires with pull-up resistors are needed to connect an almost unlimited number of I2C devices. I2C can use even slower microcontrollers with general-purpose I/O pins since they only need to generate correct  Start and Stop conditions  in addition to functions for reading and writing a byte. Each slave device has a unique address. Transfer from and to a master device is serial and it is split into 8-bit packets. All these simple requirements make it very simple to implement I2C interface even with cheap microcontrollers...

What is a solar PV system? Solar photovoltaic system  or  Solar power system  is one of  renewable energy system  which uses PV modules to convert sunlight into electricity. The electricity generated can be either stored or used directly, fed back into grid line or combined with one or more other electricity generators or more renewable energy source. The solar PV system is a very reliable and clean source of electricity that can suit a wide range of applications such as residence, industry, agriculture, livestock, etc. Major system components: Solar PV system includes different components that should be selected according to your system type, site location, and applications. The major components for the solar PV system are solar charge controller, inverter, battery bank, auxiliary energy sources and loads (appliances).    PV module  - converts sunlight into DC electricity.   The solar charge controller  - regulates ...

One of the longest standing “arguments” between engineers in digital design has been the issue of which is best—Verilog or VHDL? For many years this was partly a geographical divide, with North America seeming to be mainly using Verilog and Europe going more for VHDL, although this was not universal by any means. In many cases, the European academic the community was trending toward VHDL with its easy applicability to system level design and the perception that Verilog was really more a “low level” design language. With the advent of SystemVerilog and the proliferation of design tools, these boundaries and arguments have largely subsided, and most engineers realize that they can use IP blocks from either language in most of the design tools. Of course, individuals will always have their own preferences; however, it is true to say that now it is genuinely possible to be language agnostic and use whichever language and tools the user prefers. More often than not, the choice will depend...

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system which is consists of 24 orbiting satellites, each of which makes two circuits around the Earth every 24 hours. These satellites transmit three bits of information – the satellite's number, its position in space, and the time the information is sent. These signals are picked up by the GPS receiver, which uses this information to calculate the distance between it and the GPS satellites. With signals from three or more satellites, generally, four satellite signal is pickup by the GPS receiver that can be formed triangulate its location on the ground (i.e., longitude and latitude) from the known position of the satellites. With four or more satellites, a GPS receiver can determine a 3D position (i.e., latitude, longitude, and elevation). In addition, a GPS receiver can provide data on your speed and direction of travel. Anyone with a GPS receiver can access the system. Because GPS provides real-time, three-d...