Following are the orbital perturbations due to gravitational and non-gravitational forces or parameters.
- An irregular gravitational force around the Earth due to non-uniform mass distribution. Earth’s magnetic field too causes orbital perturbations.
- Main external perturbations come from Sun and Moon. When a satellite is near to these external bodies, it receives a stronger gravitational pull.
- Low-orbit satellites get affected due to friction caused by a collision with atoms and ions.
- Solar radiation pressure affects large GEO satellites, which use large solar arrays.
- Self-generated torques and pressures caused by RF radiation from the antenna.
Most satellites use a propulsion subsystem in order to maintain a proper spin axis direction and control the altitude of the satellite against perturbation forces.
A graveyard orbit, also called a supersynchronous orbit, junk orbit or disposal orbit, is an orbit significantly above GEO where satellites are intentionally placed at the end of their operational life. It is a measure performed in order to lower the probability of collisions with operational spacecraft and of the generation of additional space debris. The points where the graveyard is made are separated by 1800 on the equator and are set approximately on 750 E longitude and 1050 W longitude.)
A graveyard orbit, also called a supersynchronous orbit, junk orbit or disposal orbit, is an orbit significantly above GEO where satellites are intentionally placed at the end of their operational life. It is a measure performed in order to lower the probability of collisions with operational spacecraft and of the generation of additional space debris. The points where the graveyard is made are separated by 1800 on the equator and are set approximately on 750 E longitude and 1050 W longitude.)
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